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Unit 4 History and Culture (Qin Dynasty) | Class 11 English | Exercise And Notes
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Exercise of History and Culture (Qin Dynasty)
Summary of Unit 4 Qin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty, despite its short duration, played a significant role in Chinese history. It marked the end of the Zhou Dynasty and the beginning of the Han Dynasty. The period before the Qin Dynasty, known as The Warring States Period, was characterized by continuous conflicts among different regions to gain control over China. The Qin Dynasty managed to conquer the country, unifying it for the first time in history. The name "China" itself is derived from the name "Qin." The dynasty's contributions to Chinese culture include the construction of the Great Wall of China, standardization of weights and measures, and the establishment of a centralized bureaucracy. Despite its accomplishments, the Qin Dynasty's authoritarian rule and oppressive policies led to rebellion and ultimately its downfall. However, the legacy of the dynasty continued to influence Chinese culture and governance for centuries to come.
The state of Qin emerged triumphant and overcame all the other states after a protracted period of conflict, known as the Warring States Period, uniting China for the first time in its history.
dynasty in Chinese history. The state of Qin emerged triumphant and overcame all the other states after a protracted period of conflict, known as the Warring States Period, uniting China for the first time in its history.. During the Zhou Dynasty, China was made up of a network of city-states loyal to the Zhou king, but gradually, the state of Qin, which was responsible for guarding the western frontier, became a close ally of the Zhou and occupied the original Zhou domains. This enabled the Qin to become more ambitious and better fend off attacks from surrounding regions, and as a result, they gained valuable experience in warfare and territorial expansion. The Qin Dynasty left important marks on Chinese culture, and the name "China" is derived from the name Qin.
The Qin had the advantage of a favorable location in modern-day Shaanxi Province, which was well-guarded from the east by mountains and gorges and had easy access to the North China plain through the Yellow River passes. They had all the resources and advantages, including a large army and expertise in using the chariot, which contributed to their success in warfare. However, what gave them victory over the other states was their ruthlessness in battle. The Qin statesman Shang Yang advocated total war and a disregard for the polite policies of battle which the Chinese generals had always adhered to. His lessons were implemented by Ying Zheng, King of the Qin, who emerged victorious from the Warring States Period and proclaimed himself Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of China in 221 BCE.
Early in the Qin Empire, the practice of Legalism reached its peak in Chinese history. This idea of state policy, devised by Shang Yang, was a form of government with a focus on greater efficiency and less adherence to tradition in which strict adherence to the letter of the law was made paramount. Emperor Shi Huangdi approved of Shang Yang's policies and implemented them across his realm. This form of government consisted of a collectivization program and the decimation of aristocratic power. Farmers were freed from serfdom, and the power of the aristocracy was reduced. Now since everyone in the empire was expected to take responsibility for one another, it was expected that others would report anyone who did not follow the rules.
Fear and control were the key features of this political system, and one's personal importance to the empire was also a key element.
In addition to political reforms, the Qin Dynasty made many other significant achievements. Emperor Shi Huangdi was responsible for the construction of the Great Wall of China, which helped to protect the empire from northern invasions. He also standardized weights and measures, as well as the Chinese script, which facilitated communication across the empire. Additionally, he ordered the construction of an extensive network of roads and canals that linked the empire's various regions, which facilitated trade and transportation. Despite these achievements, Shi Huangdi's reign was marked by controversy, and his harsh policies and dictatorial rule eventually led to his downfall. Nonetheless, the Qin Dynasty left an indelible mark on Chinese history and paved the way for the Han Dynasty, which would last for more than 400 years.
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